August 23rd, 2024
Cavernous malformations, also known as cavernomas or cavernous angiomas, are abnormal clusters of dilated blood vessels found in the brain or spinal cord. These vascular anomalies can vary in size and location, often posing risks such as bleeding or neurological symptoms. They consist of thin-walled blood vessels resembling a mulberry, filled with slow-moving blood. Cavernous malformations can occur sporadically or as a familial condition, affecting people of all ages, though symptoms typically arise between ages 20 and 40.
Symptoms vary widely based on their size and location within the brain or spinal cord. Common signs include seizures, experienced by about half of all patients, along with neurological deficits such as weakness, numbness, or difficulties with speech or vision. Headaches are also common, often severe and recurring. Sudden neurological symptoms can occur due to bleeding within or around the malformation, known as hemorrhage, and focal neurological signs may vary depending on the affected area, such as sensory changes or motor impairments.
Diagnosing it typically involves MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to provide detailed images identifying their characteristic appearance. A thorough clinical evaluation, including medical history and neurological examination, helps assess symptoms and deficits. Treatment decisions depend on factors like location, size, and symptoms. Observation is often recommended for asymptomatic cases or when surgical risks outweigh potential benefits. Surgical resection may be considered to remove the malformation and reduce the risk of bleeding or alleviate symptoms. Medications may also be prescribed to manage symptoms such as seizures or headaches.
Living with cavernous malformations involves regular monitoring to detect changes in symptoms or new bleeding episodes. Seizure management may be necessary for those experiencing seizures, requiring ongoing medication. Education and support are crucial for patients and families to understand and manage the condition's impact on daily life.