Understanding Meningiomas: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

What Are Meningiomas?

Meningiomas are tumors that form in the meninges, the protective layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These tumors develop when the cells of the meninges begin to grow abnormally. Although most meningiomas are benign (non-cancerous), they can still cause symptoms by pressing on nearby brain structures or nerves.

Meningiomas account for about 30% of all brain tumors and can occur in various locations, with the most common sites being the convexity of the brain, the base of the skull, and the spinal cord. These tumors tend to grow slowly, which means that many people with meningiomas may not experience noticeable symptoms for years.

Symptoms of Meningiomas

The symptoms of a meningioma depend largely on the size, location, and growth rate of the tumor. In many cases, people may have no symptoms at all, especially if the tumor is small. However, as the tumor grows, it can press against adjacent brain structures, leading to a variety of symptoms, including:

• Headaches – Persistent headaches, particularly those that worsen over time, may be a sign of a meningioma.
• Seizures – Tumors in certain areas of the brain can lead to seizure activity, which may be the first symptom noticed.
• Vision Problems – Meningiomas located near the optic nerves or in the visual cortex may cause blurred vision or even loss of vision.
• Cognitive and Personality Changes – Tumors pressing on parts of the brain involved in cognition, memory, or emotions may lead to changes in behavior or difficulty with concentration.
• Weakness or Numbness – If the meningioma is pressing on motor areas or nerves, it can cause weakness, numbness, or difficulty with coordination, often affecting one side of the body.
• Hearing Loss – Meningiomas near the auditory nerve may lead to hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus).

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for evaluation and appropriate diagnostic testing.

How Are Meningiomas Diagnosed?

The process of diagnosing a meningioma typically involves several steps, beginning with a thorough medical history and neurological examination. If a meningioma is suspected, the following diagnostic methods may be used:

1. Imaging Tests:
   • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI is the most common and effective imaging test used to visualize meningiomas. It provides detailed images of the brain and spinal cord, allowing doctors to determine the size, location, and characteristics of the tumor.
   • CT Scan (Computed Tomography): A CT scan may be used to detect tumors or provide additional information if MRI is not available. It’s particularly useful in emergency situations or for evaluating bone involvement.
2. Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. A small sample of the tumor may be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether it is benign or malignant.
3. Angiography: This test may be used to examine blood vessels near the tumor, particularly if surgery is being considered. It helps assess the risk of bleeding during surgery and provides valuable information about blood flow in the brain.

Treatment Options for Meningiomas

The treatment for meningiomas depends on various factors, including the tumor’s size, location, and whether it is causing symptoms. At IGEA Brain, Spine, and Orthopedics, our team of experts offers a personalized treatment approach tailored to each patient’s unique case.

1. Watchful Waiting (Observation)

For small, asymptomatic meningiomas that are growing slowly, doctors may recommend a "watch and wait" approach. Regular follow-up imaging tests will monitor the tumor’s growth and ensure that no new symptoms arise. If the tumor remains stable and does not cause significant problems, no immediate treatment may be needed.

2. Surgical Removal

Surgery is the most common treatment for meningiomas that are causing symptoms or are growing in a way that poses a risk to surrounding brain structures. The goal of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while minimizing damage to the brain or spinal cord. Depending on the tumor's location and size, complete removal may be challenging, but in many cases, surgery can provide significant relief from symptoms.

3. Radiation Therapy

For tumors that cannot be surgically removed or for patients who are not candidates for surgery, radiation therapy may be an effective option. Types of radiation therapy include:

• Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): This non-invasive procedure delivers precise, high-dose radiation to the tumor in a single session. SRS can be used to shrink or stabilize meningiomas and is often used for tumors located in areas that are difficult to reach surgically.
• Fractionated Radiotherapy: This method involves delivering radiation in smaller doses over a period of time, typically several weeks. It’s often used for larger tumors or for tumors that grow back after surgery.

4. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is generally not the first line of treatment for meningiomas, as these tumors are often benign and do not respond well to chemotherapy. However, in rare cases where a meningioma is malignant or recurrent, chemotherapy may be considered.

The IGEA Approach to Meningioma Treatment

At IGEA Brain, Spine, and Orthopedics, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive care to patients with meningiomas. Our multidisciplinary team includes neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, and radiation specialists who work together to create an individualized treatment plan. Whether you require observation, surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of treatments, we are committed to helping you achieve the best possible outcome.